{"id":1314,"date":"2024-07-03T08:23:42","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T08:23:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/britainwriters.com\/answers\/?p=1314"},"modified":"2024-07-03T08:23:49","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T08:23:49","slug":"the-role-of-tax-reforms-in-kenyas-fiscal-policies-assignment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/britainwriters.com\/answers\/the-role-of-tax-reforms-in-kenyas-fiscal-policies-assignment\/","title":{"rendered":"The Role of Tax Reforms in Kenya’s Fiscal Policies Assignment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Assignment Task<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1.1 Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Globally, tax revenues are regarded as the most important source of income to cover government expenditure, and hence matters to do with taxation cannot be understated in any economy however low it might be. Due to the deficiency of the existing tax system in achieving economic growth and settling fiscal deficits, governments opt to make changes and improvements to their tax system through tax reforms. Tax reform is the process of changing the way taxes are collected or managed by the government and is usually undertaken to improve tax administration or to provide economic or social benefits (OECD, 2018). Tax reforms can vary from one country to another due to the influence by their own unique circumstances, political dynamics, and economic challenges. Tax reforms aim at enhancing the efficiency of the overall tax system, maintaining fiscal sustainability, promote economic growth, reduce income inequalities, and address emerging issues in the global economy. This might involve the adoption of different forms of taxes like VAT, the expansion of the VAT, the elimination of stamp and other minor duties, the simplification and broadening of personal or corporate income or asset taxes, or the revision of the tax code to enact comprehensive administration and criminal penalties for evasion. Analyzing a country\u2019s economic situation before employing any tax reform results to a proper functioning tax system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The theories that support tax reforms include: Laffer curve theory that suggests that there is an optimal tax rate that maximizes government revenue(Google). Supply-side economics suggests that high marginal tax rates discourage businesses in increasing their income, productivity and investment and vice versa. Optimal taxation theory asserts that taxes should be levied in a way that maximizes social welfare function subject to economic constraints(while tax incidence theory examines how the burden of taxation is distributed among different groups in society This research aims to dig deeper to establish how the tax reforms are affecting the financial performance of SMEs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1.1 Tax reforms<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tax reforms is an ingredient in almost every structural and fiscal policy in both the developed and third world countries across the globe.
In Kenya, Tax reforms have played a crucial role in shaping the country\u2019s fiscal policies and economic development. Since independence, the country\u2019s tax system has undergone a series of tax reforms ranging from changes in tax rate, development of new Tax Acts, broadening the tax brackets, overhaul of overall tax administration systems and introduction of new ones at different regimes with the hope of making it more efficient. The first major tax reform called Tax Modernization Programme (TMP) was introduced in 1986 with the aim of broadening the tax base and raising the revenue-to-GDP ratio from 22% in 1986 to 24% by the mid-1990s and in 1987 it
adopted the Budget Rationalization Programme intended to place controls on public spending.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this study, the tax reforms will be categorized into administrative tax reforms, policy tax reforms and technological tax reforms. Administrative tax reforms are the changes made in the administrative structures and processes of tax collection and are aimed at enhancing taxpayer services and strengthen enforcement and compliance efforts e.g. establishment of KRA in in 1995. Policy tax reforms entail development of general principles, guidelines and procedures of a tax system (Keen & Slemrod, 2017). They involve changes in tax laws, tax rates, incentives and deductions which include e.g. introduction of VAT in 1990 which was suspended in 2011 but later re-introduced in the year 2014 (Nyangau, 2017. Technological tax reforms are the improvements that take advantage of technological advancements to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the tax system (Bi\u00f8rn, 2017). They include introduction of I-Tax system in 2014 by KRA which enables taxpayers to be able to electronically register, file returns, make payments on time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1.2 SMEs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

SMEs are non-subsidiary, independent firms which employ fewer than a given number of employees. This number varies across countries (OECD, 2016). Others define them according to annual turnover, number of assets owned by the firm or market capitalization. SMEs have played a significant role in the development of economies worldwide, especially in developing and emerging nations (Gherghina, Botezatu, Hosszu, & Simionescu, 2020). They constitute 60% of private sector employment worldwide and according to , SMEs account for approximately 50% of GDP in high income countries and up to 60% in low income countries. They also help in poverty reduction by providing opportunities for income generation and increased access to goods and services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regionally, according to International Finance Corporation (2019), SMEs account for up to 90 percent of all business establishments in Sub Saharan Africa. In fact, in some countries like Zambia, a research by Development Finance Associates (DFA, 2018), indicated that of the 66,000 formally registered businesses, 99.5 percent were SMEs. The SMEs create 80 percent of employment opportunities that have helped in eradication of poverty in Africa. Many countries in Africa are turning to entrepreneurs to support future economic growth and since most of these entrepreneurs run SMEs, they are very vital for socio-economic growth of the African continent.
In Kenya, SMEs are the backbone of the economy since they contribute immensely towards poverty reduction, employment, and income generation. According to SMEs account for 98 percent of businesses in the country which contribute to over 30% of GDP. It further estimates that the SMEs have employed over 14.9 million people, and accounted for about 83% of the country\u2019s workforce. Micro and Small Enterprise Act of 2012 defines micro enterprises as those businesses that have a maximum annual turnover of KES 500,000 and employ less than 10 people. Small enterprises have between KES 500,000 and 5 million annual turnover and employ 10-49 people. Medium enterprises are not defined in the Act but according to , they comprise of a turnover of between KES 5 million and 800 million and employing 50-99 employees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SMEs comprise of both formal and informal businesses but majority of them operate informally and in rural areas since they feel the cost of tax compliance which is a major threat to them is too high. Almost two-thirds of the SMEs operate in the rural areas with only one-third operating in urban areas (KNBS, 2017). further asserts that only 21% of the estimated 7.41 million SMEs in Kenya are formally registered meaning that there are over 5 million SMEs operating informally. The SMEs operate across all sectors of the economy including trade, manufacturing, agriculture, tourism and financial services (KNBS, 2022) most of them having dominated the service and wholesale and retail sectors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SMEs in Mombasa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mombasa, the second largest city in Kenya that is located in Mombasa County along the coast is a home to significant number of SMEs that contribute to the economic development of not only Mombasa County but also the country. Its close proximity to the seaport is also an added advantage for businesses within the region. According to a study by Local Authority Integrated Financial Operation Management Systems Business Activity Code Summary 2018, the City-County of Mombasa had 54,245 Small and Medium Enterprises registered by the County. This study will focus on SME\u2019s operating within the CBD of Mombasa City. The SMEs\u2019 operating within Mombasa CBD cut across all sectors including the Retail sector, Transport, Hospitality, catering, entertainment, pharmaceuticals & health services, technology, Real Estate, Clearing, and Forwarding among others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1.3 Financial performance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Google, Financial performance refers to the evaluation and measurement of a company\u2019s overall financial health and its ability to generate profits and create value to its stakeholders, investors and creditors. It involves analysis of financial statements and key financial ratios and indicators to gauge the firm\u2019s profitability, liquidity, leverage and overall efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 Research Problem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although taxation is known to be an important source of funding for development of the economy, there is a problem in the area of relationship between taxes and the business\u2019 ability to sustain itself and to expand. SMEs face challenges like high tax rates, multiple taxation, complex tax regulations and lack of proper tax education along with other non-tax related challenges like; inadequate capital, limited market access, inadequate knowledge and rapid changes in technology. SMEs which account for 95% of businesses in the world are the ones who are mostly affected by tax reforms since they form the largest tax base that is targeted to raise revenue.
The 2016 National MSME survey report found out that, considering the role of SMEs to the economy, the health of the country\u2019s economy is as good as the SME sector hence any tax decision made by the government affects SMEs and the country\u2019s economic growth. This poses a challenge to the government on how it understands and treats SMEs especially on tax related matters. When government wants to increase its income, it increases tax brackets and rates which automatically force compliant SMEs to pay more as taxes hence consuming their little returns. KNBS (2016) showed that close to half a million small enterprises in Kenya die annually and approximately 400,000 SMEs does not celebrate their second anniversary in the last five years. It is believed that income tax rates charged on SMEs are not accurate since it based on assumption without assessing the enterprise capability of paying that tax. Most SMEs opt to operate in the informal sector which remains untaxed and as more of the businesses transition in to the sector, the government is less likely to be able to achieve its targets and development agenda of Vision 2030. reported that there were only 6.1 million registered taxpayers yet there are 17.4 million employeesand over 7 million SMEs in Kenya. This research will establish how various reforms on taxation have affected the financial performance of SMEs specifically in Mombasa where the performance of SMEs has not been up to the expectation over the years despite government interventions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 Objectives of The Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3.1 General Objective<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The general objective of this study will be to establish the effect of tax reforms on the financial performance of small and medium enterprises in Mombasa town, Kenya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3.2 Specific Objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

i) To assess the effect of administrative tax reforms on the financial performance of SMEs in Mombasa town, Kenya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ii) To evaluate the effect of policy tax reforms on the financial performance of SMEs in Mombasa town, Kenya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iii) To ascertain the effect of technological tax reforms on the performance of SMEs in Mombasa town, Kenya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.4 Research Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research will answer the following questions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How do administrative tax reforms affect the financial performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Mombasa town, Kenya?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the effect of policy tax reforms on the financial performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Mombasa town, Kenya?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How do technological tax reforms affect the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Mombasa town, Kenya?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.5 Justification of The Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research will try to establish whether different tax reforms imposed to SMEs affect their financial performance. This research will benefit the following groups;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Micro, Small and Medium firms (SMEs)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The investors will be able to acquire knowledge of tax reforms and be able to make effective financial decisions based on the existing tax system and how it affects them.
KRA. The findings will assist them in weighing the most appropriate approaches to encouraging the small and medium businesses to be tax-compliant and what administrative measures they could take to enhance the effective enforcement of the relevant tax reforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government will benefit by this research since it will know how to help SMEs so that they can be more efficient in their operation hence contributing to the growth of the economy. It will also help highlight areas on the taxation framework that need reforms and shed light on improvements that should be done on reforms to make them favorable to SMEs to improve on tax compliance. It will help policy makers to come up with effective strategies for handling tax problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This research will enable the county government to project how much they can collect from SMEs within Mombasa town and how they can support this SMEs so that they can attract more of such businesses. Finally, the study results and recommendations will provide useful information to scholars who have interest in researching on tax-related matters hence adding up knowledge to existing literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.6 Limitations of the Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The findings of this study will not be generalized to other towns since it will be based on SMEs in Mombasa Town. Variables considered in the study that is administrative tax reforms, policy tax reforms and technological tax reforms will only explain a certain percentage of SMEs performance in Mombasa Town. Finally, the study will only be limited on the small and medium enterprises, leaving out other sectors, which contributes to tax collection in the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.7 Scope of the Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study will be undertaken in Mombasa town, Mombasa County, whereby questionnaires will be employed on a target number of respondents.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Assignment Task 1.1 Introduction Globally, tax revenues are regarded as the most important source of income to cover government expenditure, and hence matters to do with taxation cannot be understated in any economy however low it might be. Due to the deficiency of the existing tax system in achieving economic growth and settling fiscal deficits, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1314","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Role of Tax Reforms in Kenya's Fiscal Policies Assignment - My Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/britainwriters.com\/answers\/the-role-of-tax-reforms-in-kenyas-fiscal-policies-assignment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Role of Tax Reforms in Kenya's Fiscal Policies Assignment - My Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Assignment Task 1.1 Introduction Globally, tax revenues are regarded as the most important source of income to cover government expenditure, and hence matters to do with taxation cannot be understated in any economy however low it might be. 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