Explain in what sense reacting to a loud noise is and is not cognitively penetrable.

1. Consider a task requiring knowledge, like baking a cake. Examine a recipe and state what needs to be known to follow the recipe.

2. In considering the distinction between knowledge and belief in this book, we take the view that belief is fundamental and knowledge is simply belief where the outside world happens to be cooperating (the belief is true, is arrived at by appropriate means, is held for the right reasons, and so on). Describe an interpretation of the terms where knowledge is taken to be basic and belief is understood in terms of it.

3. Explain in what sense reacting to a loud noise is and is not cognitively penetrable.

4. It has become fashionable to attempt to achieve intelligent behavior in AI systems without using propositional representations. Speculate on what such a system should do when reading a book on South American geography.

5. Describe some ways in which the firsthand knowledge we have of some topic goes beyond what we are able to write down in a language. What accounts for our inability to express this knowledge?