What are three differences between gene expression (transcription and translation) in eukaryotes

InstructionsAs always, all work must be your own, and any material copied from another source must be clearly identified and the source cited.

1. Gene expressionA. Describe how genes are transcribed and translated in bacteria, using at least 10 sentences/bullet points or at least 2 original diagrams. 

For full points I would like to see the following terms included and used appropriately: 

ribosome, transcript, RNA polymerase, promoter, terminator.B. What are three differences between gene expression (transcription and translation) in eukaryotes compared to bacteria?

2. Gene regulationThe Lac Operon of E. coli.Either respond to each of the questions below separately, or create original diagrams that addresses these questionsThe lac operon is transcribed as one unit, but produces three separate proteins (Beta-galactosidase, permease and transacetylase).

 How is that possible?Imagine a mutant bacterial strain with a version of the Lac repressor protein that can no longer bind allolactose.

 Why would that mutant E. coli strain be less successful at growing and reproducing in lactose-containing media than the wild-type?

Imagine a mutant bacterial strain with a version of the Lac operon activator protein that is always ‘on’, meaning it is always bound to the operon and recruiting RNA polymerase.Why would that strain not constantly produce the enzymes for lactose metabolism?

Why do you think having multiple layers of regulation for gene expression is beneficial for the survival and reproduction of bacteria?

3. MutationsA. How does UV radiation create DNA mutations? 

Using at least 5 sentences/bullet points or an original diagram explain how UV radiation leads to permanent changes to DNA sequence.

B. The Ames Test.Answer each of the following. Provide at least 2 sentences or an original diagram for eachWhat is an auxotroph?

Why are chemicals of interest often pre-treated with rat liver enzyme extract before use in the Ames test?

What is the difference between a mutagen and a carcinogen?

Why do you think the Ames test is usually repeated using multiple bacterial strains that have different specific mutations in the Histidine biosynthesis pathway?

C. Mutations as a way to study genomes.

Technologies for DNA sequencing and creation of targeted mutations in bacteria (e.g. CRISPR) are very advanced. 

It’s now relatively easy to sequence the entire genome of a newly discovered bacterial strain and to create mutant versions that have different mutations at different positions in the genome.

 How do you think this combination of sequencing and mutagenesis be used to find out what the functions are of different genes in a genome?4. Gene transfer and evolutionA.

 Compatibility.Genes can be transferred between organisms in different domains (e.g. bacteria and humans). 

However, functions are not usually conserved unless significant modifications are made to the DNA sequence first.

 Why do you think is it very unlikely that a bacterial gene could function (produce a functional protein) inside a eukaryote?

B. Transfer methods.Pick one of the following natural mechanisms of gene transfer between bacteria and explain how genetic material is exchanged in at least 5 sentences/bullet points or an original diagram.TransformationTransductionConjugationC.

 Spread of resistance.Which of the modes of gene transfer listed in 4B would allow the fastest transfer of an antibiotic resistance gene through a bacterial population and why? 

This should be a guess, informed by your understanding of biology, I am not looking for a particular correct answer.