Explains the dynamic equilibrium using the reversible reactions in closed systems.

Equilibrium

12.0 Uses the concept of equilibrium and its principles to determine the macroscopic properties of closed systems in dynamic equilibrium.

12.1 Quantitatively determines the macroscopic properties of systems with the help of the concept of equilibrium.

Explains the dynamic equilibrium using the reversible reactions in closed systems.

States macroscopic properties of a system remains unchanged after reaching the equilibrium.

Uses physical and chemical processes such as changes of state, equilibria in solutions, chemical systems, ionic systems, sparingly soluble systems and electrodes as examples to describe the systems in equilibrium.

States the equilibrium law.

Writes the equilibrium constants (Kc, Kp) for the systems given.

Derives the relationship between Kp and Kc.

Compares the conductivities of different water samples (Calculations of conductivity is not required) using given data